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2021. 2. 21. Vedanta Aluminium Ltd. has commissioned a red mud powder unit at Lanjigarh refinery in Odisha, describing it as first of its kind in alumina industry tackling major environmental hazards. This will have advantages like savings in caustic consumption by 10-15 kg per tonne of alumina, minimizing land requirement by 50 to 60 per cent, and doing away with wet red mud storage thereby eliminating In some plants, red muds are further processed to produce aluminum oxides. Red muds are caustic, and the United States does not currently approve any secondary use of the waste. The radioactivity content is only one of several concerns that pose a risk to the environment, as red muds also have a Insoluble waste residue called red mud from the alumina production is an industrial waste which is easily available from the aluminum manufacturer [19,21]. Fig. 11.1 shows the different industrial waste used as the filler in composite material to enhance the mechanical property as well as to improve the wear resistance of the fabricated composite. Red mud (RM) is a by-product of extracting of alumina from bauxite. Red mud contains high quantities of alkali-generating minerals and metal ions, which can cause significant environmental damage. Red mud is a product of the Bayer process during the production of alumina (Hairi et al., 2015). As the temperature and pressure increases, the solubility of red mud decreases with sodium hydroxide (Nie et al., 2016). Its composition depends upon its parent material from which it is produced 2021. 4. 1. Global annual production of red mud (bauxite residue) is about 150 million tonnes. It contains raw materials for the production of iron, silicon and aluminium, and is dumped as waste in spite of the availability of recycling technologiesbauxite residu. This is because it is cheaper to dump bauxite residue as waste and continue mining for new ores. 2020. 9. 23. Red mud is an industrial waste produced during alumina production. For each ton of alumina production, 1.5 to 1.6 tons of red mud is produced5. Globally around 120 billion tons of red mud is produced yearly, and its utilization is very limited due to its high alkalinity6, 7. Usually, the pH8 of red mud ranges between 10 to 13. Because of this, red mud 2017. 6. 27. small footprint. The red mud from Queensland Alumina, however, is produced via three parallel banks of counter current washers. adsorption, reducing coarse/ fines segregation, ensuring all particles are aggregated together by the flocculant. The lower zone promotes gentle mixing for continued aggregate growth, with the option for Various alumina factories in China discharge the red mud by “wetting process” at the initial production stage, that is, the liquid red mud with high water content is discharged into the red mud yard directly by the pipeline, and stacked at the bottom of red mud reservoir, to form a 
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